THE DIAMOND HITCH

, THE MINDANAO MORO.

betel nut, which stains their teeth and gives them a most savage appearance. Every Datu, Sultan, Pandita, and person of prominence, as well asl the common people, use this narcotic in‘a most general a*d prominent manner. The people of rank or importance w v e their buyo (betel) bearers who attend them, carrying a brass tray with small boxes of the same material containing the nut, lime, etc., required for the “chew’.” A good idea of their dress may be gotten from the photographs in this article, but we may add that brilliant colors are the mpst prevalent in their attire. The Moro is fanatical and brave in war, and if well armed wodd make a foe not to be despised. He is by far the most xqsrtkl of all the Philippine tribes, and lives in a country abounding in swift running streams, swamps, forests, jungle, and high and precipitous mountains, to say nothing of bad wpther qonditions and insect pests, which makes it a hard I The country is so close, and crowded with vegetation, that it is almost impossible to get over it except by the trails, and thesa the Moro is cute enough to fortify or entrench at their most dangerous places, generally behind a mucky swamp oriaround a bend in the deep jungle or high cane grass. where troops are apt to run on them suddenly and be Those who do not know the Moro or his country should be sparing in their criticism of an officer who with his party falla into L o amb-de. T h e Apache Indian in the old days of Arizona was not 50 difficult to come up with and fight as is the Mo-medaa fanatic of the Philippines. In coqclading this paper, the writer wishes to state that he has quoted very freely from the works of Dr. Saleeby; and he hae also taken extracts from the writings of others whose knlowledge of the Moro is entitled to respect. To t h e m gealemen, and to Dr. Hubert Grieger, U. S. Army, from whop the photographs that illustrate this article were obtained, our most sincere thanks are tendered. . lapd to campaign in. sarprised., pl . b

THE DIAMOND HITCH.

BY JSO. W. PLTLLJIAN, COLONEL

AND A. Q. M. GENERAL.

C. S. ARM\-

To tke Editor: N your July number, under the article, ‘‘ Pack Trains and I Packing,” you ask the question, “Are we ready to do away with the expert packer? T h e JOURSAL most emphatically says, NO ! ” In this stand you will be abundantly, if not unanimously sustained, by every cavalry officer and by every other officer who has ever had to cut loose from his wagons and depend on his pack animals. There can be no argument on that point. But if you want fairly to present existing conditions as they have come to many, you should put the question this way : Has the time come when we have to seek some way to rtphce the skilled packer and the diamond hitch?“ By skilled packek is meant the professional civilian packer, pro. ficient in all the details of setting up and fitting the aparejo and the use of the diamond hitch in securing miscellaneous cargo. This question came before the General Staff, War Department, three years ago and came, it is understood, in a serious way, the result of complaints and of embarrassing and, at times, costly experiences during the Spanish War and campaigns in the Philippines. The question appeared to be of such gravity as to demand earnest attention at the hands of the War Department, and it came to the Quartermaster General’s office for recommendation. Prominent commanders had been hampered by their inability to find and employ men with a practical knowlege of the lash rope on the aparejo. Such skill was scarce, in fact could not be supplied.

THE DIAMOND HITCH.

These conditions would &ut again should a body of ex- p r t aparlejo packers suddenly be required. The scarcity of such meq would be felt more and more as the years rolled by. In @e western States, temtories and countries contiguous--their birthplace-the breed of packers, so plentiful thirty to ‘yorty pears ago. is dying out because their business is dying put. Wagon roads, steam boats and railroads have gradually curtailed and, at the present time, has practically killed t@ commercial pack train business and the large numbets of stalwart, hardy men, who followed packing as a living b e , of necessity, sought other employment and the knowledge of their trade is being forgotten. There is no demand to keep the breed alive. Armies in the field at war can never get away from the absolute ,need of pack animal transportation in some shape. The demands for such means of transportation in war are many and at times the necessity, vital. To-day we have on hand a moderate stock of aparejos and by hard drumming throughqut the country we might scare up a few score of skilled packers, but after to-day, ten, twenty, thirty years from now-what? If preparedness is wisdom we have to look into the future. The undersigned is an aparejo crank from necessity, training and experience. His boyhood was spent in the aparejo packing business and he followed it for a living in the sixties, in the Morthwest. In the cavalry he had eighty per cent. of his troop trained in the packer’s art and skilled in the use of the diamond hitch. dow many enlisted men know this business today 7 , Them is no device yet produced which will protect the pack animal‘s body from bruising and injury as well as the aparejo does. Now then, how are we to provide our future armies in the field with skilled aparejo packers? Two ways immediately present themselves. The lfirst is, as we cannot depend with any degree of certainty finding such men in sufficient numbers, to train C h u . stablish a packa’s school, say at Fort Riley, and turn out year by year tsained packers We have got to have it.

THE DIAMOND HITCH.

31 1 But see the objection to this method. We would have to pay the student packers and their instructors wages. After we had trained and graduated them what would we do with them 3 A special appropriation by congress would be necessary, year after year. to meet the expenses of the school. It is much doubted if we could obtain such appropriations. The second method presenting itself is, to tcuarh a certain number of enlisted men. in every organization of the army, the packer’s art. T o do this. all that is necessary is to incorporate an aparejo-diamond-hitch-drill manual in the drill regulations of ezlery arm. The equipment required would be only about four complete sets of aparejo rigging at each post. To day, the instructors could easily be found for the start, from among our civilian packers and, after that, the drilled men could act as instructors in each drganization year after year. To make this system a real practical success, a skilled pack master should be employed by the quartermaster’s department, in each military department. inspecting, controlling and regulating the pack drill in his department. Twenty per cent. of the strength of each organization should be taught and made thoroughly proficient in packing. By this means we would always have a trained body of packers and be independent in that line. This method is simple. plain and entirely practical and the expense would be trifling. Can it be done and will it be done? I doubt it The General Staff would have to take the initiative. Do they or will they consider the question of sufficient gravity to take it up? When the question, asked above, came up three years ago, as related, it was apparedtly answered in the affirmative at t h t time, and the undersigned was designated by the Quartermaster General to devise ways and means to provide a remedy. After much thought, labor and experiment the so called Pullman Pack Outfit resulted. It was no hap-hazard production, no mere whim or desire for innovation, but the resuli of a conscientious effort to fulfill an ordered duty. There appeared to be a necessity and no escape from the need of meeting it.

’ .

312 THE DlAMONL, HITCH. The sale idea was, can t h e aparejo and its good principles be maintained and the necessity for ropes and skilled ‘packers, fer military packing only, be done away with? Can something be brought forward to carry on pack animals, rations. ammunition and ordinary military field impedimenta. which the ordinary laborer or soldier can handle and use without special previous training? The writer is positive, from long practical experience. that the combination of the good points of the aparejo. the cross tree, the Indian method of swinging loads to the raw hide, high treed saddle and the pannier system, as shown in the Pullman Pack, fills the bill as near as may be. Of course some experimental trials have brought forth some criticisms and exposed defects, but none that, so far as shown or reported to me, are of such a nature that they cannot, in whole or part be remedied, or remedied enough anyway, to meet the necessity detailed above for a simple system for field military packing purposes. T h e complete plan was, in addition to the saddle and panniers, to have the permanent steel ribbing and the setting up of the aparejos done at the aparejo factory. This done, a little daily adjusting of the hay filling of the aparejo, to meet conformation a r d “ Bunches,” ( method shown in Pack Manual) is all the skill required. Of course higher authority would have to step in and have the supply departments cdrdinate and have all packages carrying supplies made of a uniform size and weight to snugly fit the sized pannier adopted. If it is granted that we have to have something, it is open to the service fos some one to devise and present something better than the Pullman Pack. The simple problem is, if we An not get packers what are we going to do? in the issue of a battle or the success of a campaign we cannot consider expense. Panniers and packs may injure animals sides, wagons be broken and dlestroyed. railroads burnt up, men and animals killed, but q e have got to go on, we have got to “get there.” I ‘ . 313 THE DIA MOND H l TCH. Let us get the packers, if we can, and stick to the diamond hitch. If not, let us think what shall be done. You have opened up a subject of special interest to the service at large and peculiarly to the cavalry arm, to whose Let critics and designers get busy and suggest something. . flying columns a pack train is indispensable.

FROM OUTING:

HE following extract is taken from an article in the

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I@, Outing by Mr. Dan ~eard. The article is entitled. llHow to Pack a Pack Horse,” and it serves to show that the a m y is not the only place where pack horses are used nor gre army officers and soldiers the only ones in- @rested is the question of pack transportation. “In a previous number of this magazine, I told how to pack and unpack one’s d d e for wilderness travel. It is now incumbent upon me to tell how to secure the dunnage on a pack animal’s back. “In the first place the pack animal should be blindfolded. If it is never led nar forced to move while blindfolded it soon learns to stand perfectly still as long as the bandage is over its eyes. IaW& will suppose you have the pack saddle, lash-rope, cinch, aparejo, and all the needful accoutrements of a pack animal. The aparejo. by the way, is a leather or canvas bag stretched over a light springy framework of willow and stafled with straw. It must be stiff at the edges and corners where the pull comes.” Various illustrations are used so as to show the complete method of tying the load. Both methods of with and without top load are described. Then follow directions of how to throw the sling rope for mountain pack saddle for side or top pack. Directions are also given of how to throw the North Rocky Mountain Diamond. While the article is quite short it nevertheless gives the directions in ample language. Thirty small illustrations accompany the article. The JOURNAL trusts that Colonel Pullman’s note of warning will be heeded and interest taken by our officers in this subject. W e are not particularly womed over the diamond hitch. We believe ordinarily intelligent men can be taught -

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. 315 how to throw the diamond hitch in a very short time. But what is required are men that know how to rig up the aparejo, and this knowledge can be gained only by experience. And so we stated in our last issue that we were not ready to do away with the expert packer. We can never do away with him unless we wish to do away with pack transportation altogether. So means must be taken to secure his services in the future Throwiqg the diamond hitch is not a sure mark of the expert. Mr. Daly, chief packer, has been at work during the summer experimenting with a device that will make the diamond hitch a mechanical contrivance. We had hoped to have photographs of this device for this issue, but it was not completed in time to secure them. It is needless to say that all mechanical devices will fail as far as utility is concerned when compared with the sling rope. But things must be done, as Colonel Pullman intimates, and interest should not flag in this subject which is of such vital importance to the cavalry.

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, commissary of the Fortieth Regiment, New York Sational Guard. a militia regiment duly mustered into the service of the United States, and having in his official possessio11 as commissary of the regiment, one hundred dollars ($IOO.OO), .money of the United States, furnished and intended for the military service thereof, did fraudulently. unlawfully and feloniously convert to his own use and did embezzle the same. This at Albany, N. Y., on the 30th day of June. 1906. The Fortieth Regiment, S e w York Sational Guard, was mustered into the service of the United States, June I , 1906, and mustered ont (the accused included) nine months later. The day following the muster out the accused was commissioned Second Lieutenant of the First United States Infantry. Based upon the above statement of facts the accused makes three pleas in bar of trial by the court-martial: what are they and what, in your opinion, should have been the action of the court in each case? X soldier. Frederick Skow, Company 11, Twentieth Infantry, deserted in the Philippines in 1900, during a time of war ; he subsequently came into the hands of the military authorities but was not tried for some time, he c1:tirning that his absence was due to the fact that he was a prisoner in the hands of the enemy; he was finally tried for desertion, joining the enemy, etc. State when the Statute of Limitation (lojd .Article) beyan to operate in his favor and when it could have been pleaded as an absolute bar of trial. Had he deserted in time of peace and not in face of the enemy when would the Statute have begun to operate in his favor as to the desertion? Supposing Skow had been discharged from the service under the misapprehension that he had been a bonafide prisoner of war, could he subsequently have been tried by court-martial after the real facts had become known? In other words would the 48th Article of War operate to continue his liability after his separation from the service ? Give reasons. +I. 1 t i I ( 6) b 111. b The following is given to show the character of some of the work done at the Infantry and Cavalry School, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas), under the direction of the Law Department. , The student officers were allowed to get information from any source they could, except from the officers on duty with -the .department, but the papers submitted must be their own conclusions as derijed from their study of the subject. Two hours were allotted for each exercise, though it was found that much more time was taken by the officers in the preparation of their papers. Due to this fact the system of instruction has been somewhat changed and means have been adopted to prevent student officers from spending so much time on the preparation of similiar papers. The answers of First Lieutenant E. A. Kreger, Twenty-eighth Infantry, follow the exercise. They are given to show the class of work that is being done by the student officers of the school. Lieutenant Kreger's answers are much fuller than was intended by the Department, and papers of far shorter length received as high a mark as did his. However, anyone interested in the subject will be able from reading his answers to ascertain the approved solution to the questions prksented. -

EXERCISE NO. 3.

I. The following charges have been preferred, and a court martial composed of officers of the First Infantry convened for the trial of the accused. The order convening the court is dated July I, 1908. Charge: Embezzlement, in violation of the Sixtieth Article of War. Sprrilirath: In that Second Lieutenant Henry Stiles, First United States Infantry. while serving as captain and ~ 1 0 0

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IV. On a military reservation where the jurisdiction of the United States is exclusive, the following facts occurred : Con* to law the cattle of a ranchman by the name of Bople we& grazing at large and broke down the reservation fence wh& the troops had a garden; they destroyed a great deal of pdperty before the gardner, Private Jones, discovered the&. He drove them out but in doing so, and while still on'the reservation, threw a stone breaking off the horn of a valuable cow, thereby causing her death. Boyle coming opoh the &ne at that time assaulted and severely injured Private Jdnes, who was rescued by his comrades, the latter Seiting %le and taking him to the commading officer; he upheld thle men, claiming that they acted under his orders. . (u) C h the commanding officer arrest or detain Boyle? If so, hod long can he hold him and what must ultimately be done dith the prisoner? (6) C h Boyle be prosecuted criminally? If so, in what courts, bp'whom and for what? (c), Can Boyle be prosecuted civilly? If so, in what comts. by1 whom and for what? (d) Clan Boyle prosecute anyone who has taken part in the affair? If so, whom, in what courts and for what?

EXERCISE NO. 3.

I. Ta the charge and specification, under the conditions set forth, the accused may make the following pleas in bar of trial:

I. That the court is without jurisdiction to try him for the reasoq that the composition of the court is in violation of the 77th Article of War. The w&, compoeed as it is of officers of the regular establisment, is without jurisdiction over the person of the rurased, as the 77th Article of War provides that officers of the rega4r army shall not be competent to sit on courts-martial tq try officers or soldiers of other forces, except as provided in Article 78. The exception provided in Article 78 does qot reach the case at bar, and thus it is left within the rule laid down in the 77th Article. Though the accused

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319 is at present an officer of the regular establishment, he did not belong to the regular service at the time the alleged offense was committed. At the time of the commission of the offense, or at any time thereafter within the period specified in the 103d Article of War, the statute of limitations, and while the accused was still serving as a volunteer or a militiaman duly mustered into the service of the United States, though amenable to trial, the accused could not legally be . held to answer to a court-martial composed of regular officers. This doctrine, though directly opposite to the views of the War Department, was laid down in the case of Deming vs. McClaughry, by the Circuit Court of Appeals ( I I 3 Fed. Rep. 639). and affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States ( 1 8 6 U, S. Sup. Ct. Rep. 49). The gist of the decision is that it is plain that Congress intended to place volunteers and all other persons in the temporary service upon the same basis, for purposes of trial, as the militia; that officers of the regular army are incompetent, under the 77th Article of War, to try officers or soldiers of the volunteer forces raised under the Acts of April 22d. 1898, and March 2 , 1899; that no officer is authorized but that etery officer is forbidden to constitute of officers of the regular army a court-martial to try a volunteer; and that the accused cannot, by any act of his, confer upon a court improperly constituted the jurisdic-to try him. The amenability of the accused to trial is based upon his status at the time the offense was committed. At that time this court could not have tried him. His subse. quent entry into the regular service cannot serve to create a jurisdiction that did not exist at the time the offense was committed. (Par. I927 Dig. Opin. J. A. G.). The law under which Lieutenant Stiles performed his volunteer service is the law referred to in the decisions above. In spite of his entry into the regular service, the accused is entitled, as to this offense, to the benefit of any plea growing out his status as an officer of "other forces" at the time the offense was committed. The court would, for the reasons stated, properly sustain this plea.

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2. That the accused cannot be held to answer for the offense a$ charged, for the reason that trial is barred by the statute od limitations, the 103d Article of War. The offense as charged, was committed on the 30th day of June, t@. The order convening the court is dated July I, 1908, more than two years after the offense. as charged, was committed. T h e charges could not have been referred for trial before the convening order for the court was issued. There is no allegation that the accused had absented himself ro that “*me other manifest impediment” to trial had existed, to prevent the statute of limitations from running. In fact the conditions as they appear, the service of the accused. for some months after the offense is said to have been committed, in the volunteer establishment, his muster-out from that sentice, his appointment to the regular service within the shoe space of one month, and his service in the regular army sin= then, preclude any probability if not any possibility of the existence of any cause that would prevent the statute from operating in favor of the accused. It is the duty of the gwernment to prosecute an alleged offender within a reasonable. that is within the statutory time. Failing to do this the statute forbids any criminal proceedings, when the accused pleads the limitation. It has been expressly held that the statute limits the liability of the accused to trial after discharge, imposed by the last clause of Article 60. (Davis page 536.) T h e case comes squarely within the pro: visionsof the first clause of the rofd Article of War, and within the authoritative interpretations of the article. The court will, therefore, properly sustain this plea,

3. That the court is ‘without jurisdiction to try the accused for the offense as alleged, for the reason that when the Bccflsed was mustered out of the volunteer service he becsme A Civilian ; that thereafter he ceased to be amenable to military1 jurisdiction ; and that the concluding clause of the 60th ArGicle of War under which it is sought to hold the ac- c d is Crnconstitutional. The concluding clause of the 60th Article bf War seeks to make individuals, who, by reason of Itheir separation from the military service, have become I

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381 civilians, amenable for trial by court-martial. This is a deprivation of the constitutional right of civilians to trial by jury. The provision was enacted as a war measure, at a time when civil rights could not be as jealously guarded as in ordinary times; at a time when the safety of the nation demanded energetic and sometimes drastic measures. Even then the provision was relied upon as giving jurisdiction in only a very few cases, and since the Civil War there appears to be no case in which the provision has been invoked. If the accused had ceased, during the time intervening between his volunteer service and his entry into regular service, to be triable by a court martial. his subsequent entry into the regular service cannot operate to revive a jurisdiction once lapsed. The case of Dem-inn vs SIcClaughry, previously cited, bears upon t h e same point, in that it was held in that case that the accused could not by any act or acquiescence on his part confer jurisdiction upon a tribunal that but for such act would be without jurisdiction. Though not exactly in point, G. 0. I j7, IV. I).. 1904, points in the same direction. I believe that the court would be justified in not sustnin-ing this plea not because it is wholly without merit, but because the constitutionality of the part of the article i n question has never been passed upon judicially, though it has been questioned, and because the sustaining of the c)tiier two pleas will terminate the trial in any event for the time being until the proceedings thus far can have been f ) r - warded to the reviewing authority for his action thereon. However, I cannot escape the conclusion that a civil court in passing upon the question might or probably would hold that the plea should probably have been sustained. The accused might possibly feel justified in making the plea of constructive pardon, on the ground that his appointment to the regular service after the commission of the alleged offense was in effect a pardon; or that the discharge from the volunteer service, being a formal waiver of military jurisdiction over him, operated in the same way. As to the first propositi&, the data is not sufficient. Circumstances might arise in which an appointment would (Par. 1027, Dig. Opin. J. A. G.). Note :

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bperate gs a constrndve patdon. but more, I think, would have to,@ppear than is here of record to make the plea good. The m n d proposition is bound up with the question of the constitutionality of the 60th Article of War, and the decision of the &nut on that plea would bring about a like decision on a plea of the kind suggested. I do not believe therefore, that the1 accused would benefit by raising the question in the last form. Anylone of the pleas being allowed by the court, the proceeding$ are, for the time at least, terminated, and the court adjourns, the record of its action being forthwith transmitted to the reviewing authority. The statute of limitation began to run in favor of Private Skow when he came into the hands of the military The desertion being In time of war and in the face of the enemy, the limitation kn the Act of April I I, 1890. the latter half of the 103d Arti-lcle of War, is superseded by the general limitation which is bntained in the first clause of the Article. (Davis, p. I I 3). I The statute would be an absolute bar to trial when two years had elpased dating which the accused could have been brought to trial. that is two y e w * aftei his again coming into the bands of the military authorities, provided of course ,he did not again absent himself.'and rhat in the mean time /no #*other manifest impediment," as provided in the 103d 'Article of War, prevented the exercise of the military jurisdiction: ' No&: I take it that the question as to the statute of lim- 'itation$ is condned to the case as stated, where he subse- 'qrrentlj came into the hands of the military authorities. Had h) not come within military jurisdiction again after de-in time of war and in the face of the enemy, an didtrsat qoatiolr uima The Judge Advocate

1. the cwd a pi-of tbe Ninth Infantry r h o 11. (0) uthorities again after his desertion. iaClh.b -bmr, 1- luamcly bdd that a8 w u - 1 . - - - 1 3 f ) . t h . . i t ) . ~ t k ~ m ~ ~ ~ u m ~ ~ d - - - ~ dClllrtL1Y'

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323 was not entitled to the benefit of the statute of limitations as provided in the 103d Article of War. (Army and Navy Journal, March 25, rgo~, p. 799). Had Skow deserted in time of peace, and never again come into the hands of the military authorities, the statute would have begun to run in his favor at the expiration of the term of enlistment in which he was serving, unless he -was absent from the United States at the time of such expiration, and in that case it would begin to run in his favor as soon after the expiration of his current term of enlistment as he ceased to absent himself from the United States. Just what interpretation is to be put upon the expression "from the United States" in view of our territorial accessions I can find no adjudication concerning, but it would seem that being in our insular possession would have to be held to be within the United States, as the accused is as fully within our jurisdiction in the insular possessions as he would be at home. (b)

111. After discharge Skow was no longer amenable to trial by court-martial, and the 48th Article of War, cannot serve to continue the amenability to trial which existed prior to his discharge but which was terminated by the discharge. (Par. 68. Dig. Opin J. A. G.; Davis, p. 431; G. 0. 157, W.

D. 1904). I\'. (a) Paragraphs 519 and 521, Digest of Opinions, Judge Advocate General, seem to be directly in point on this question. Paragraph 521 holds that in case of a crime or offense against the United States committed by a civilian on a reservation under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, the commanding officer is authorized to arrest the offender and cause him to be brought before a United States Commissioner or other official specified in Sec. 1014. R. S. In point of fact the actual arrest of Boyle wan carried out by the enlisted men who u m e d Boyle before the post comaunder. They took him in charge while hr was .amally engaged io 8 bmach of the peace. T h e parr oom..ulUk,in apboldaq t k men and daioiag tbat t h y u$ed um&r h u e makes tbr ~ ~ T U C hi. w n act- n act t u is 8mtharu-.l as par tk aathrity dtrrJ. Tbe &- 1

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operate 85 a constructive pardon, but more, I think, would have to bppear than is here of record to make the plea good. The secbnd P T O ~ O S ~ ~ ~ O U is bound up with the question of the constitaiionality of the 60th Article of War, and the decision of the burt on that plea would bring about a like decision on a pl& of the kind suggested. I do not believe therefore, that the accused would benefit by raising the question in the Any one of the pleas being allowed by the court, the proceeding$ are, for the time at least, terminated, and the court adjournk, the record of its action being forthwith transmitted to the &viewing authority.

11. (u) The statute of limitation began to run in favor of Private Skow when he came into the hands of the military authorities again after his desertion. The desertion being in time of war and in the face of the enemy, the limitation in the Act of April I I, 18go. the latter half of the 103d Article of War, is superseded by the general limitation which is contain& in the first clause of the Article. (Davis, p. I 13). Thd statute would be an absolute bar to trial when two years Ad elpased during which the accused could have been brought to trial, that is two years* after his again coming into the bands of the military authorities, provided of course he did not again absent himself. and that in the mean time no ‘‘other manifest impediment,” as provided in the 103d Article of War, prevented the exercise of the military jurisdiction, I take it that the question as to the statute of limitations is confined to the case as stated, where he subse-quentl$ came into the hands of the military authorities. Had h# not come within military jurisdiction again after de-sertind in time of war and in the face of the enemy, an entired9 difEerent question arises. . The Judge Advocate Gene&. in the case of a private or’ the Ninth Infantry who desertw in China in November, 1900, recently held that as a date(of war existed at the time of the desertion the deserter *Tbp two peus a m computed, not to the date of arraignment, but to the ‘ last fod. Note: ~isea~oftheorderfarthetrial.“ , 323

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was not entitled to the benefit of the statute of limitations as provided in the 103d’Article of War. (Army and Navy Journal, March 25, 1905, p. 799). Had Skow deserted in time of peace, and never again come into the hands of the military authorities, the statute would have begun to run in his favor at the expiration of the term of enlistment in which he was serving, unless he was absent from the United States at the time of such expiration, and in that case it would begin to run in his favor as soon after the expiration of his current term of enlistment as he ceased to absent himself from the United States. Just what interpretation is to be put upon the expression “from the United States ” in view of our territorial accessions I can find no adjudication concerning, but it would seem that being in our insular possession would have to be held to be within the United States, as the accused is as fully within our jurisdiction in the insular possessions as he would be at home. After discharge Skow was no longer amenable to trial by court-martial, and the 48th Article of War, cannot serve to continue the amenability to trial which existed prior to his discharge but which was terminated by the discharge. (Par. 65. Dig. Opin J. A. G.; Davis, p. 431; G. 0. 157, W. IV. (a) Paragraphs 519 and 521, Digest of Opinions, Judge Advocate General, seem to be directly injpoint on this question. Paragraph 521 holds that in case of azcrime or offense against the United States committed by a civilian on a reservation under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, the commanding officer is authorized to arrest the offender and cause him to be brought before a United States Commissioner or other official specified in Sec. 1014, R. S. In point of fact the actual arrest of Boyle was carried out by the enlisted men who carried Boyle before the post commander. They took him in charge while he was actually engaged in a breach of the peace. The post commander, in upholding the men and claiming that they acted under his orders, makes the arrest his own act-an act that is authorized as per the authority cited. The de- (b) 111.

D. 1904). .--- -

MOO T CO UR TS.

temtion nf Boyle will be dependent, to some extent upon circam&- The post commander cannot properly hold Boyle dd notify a commissioner to send for him. but should himself me affirmative action with a view to turning Boyle over to the commbioner or other official specified in Sec. 1014 R! S. ' S h d d no such official be accessible at the time,thb post commander may detain Boyle in the guard hoase, (atbat only for such interval as may be necessary." An infobation should be filed by Private Jones with the 05cial before whom Boyle is taken. The post commander should, I think, see to it tha€ this is promptly done. The c0mmiS)ianer or other official will thereupon issue a warrant for' Boyle, under which the civil authorities will then hold hi&. (6) Boyle may be prosecuted criminally in the Federal Courts Tor assaulting and beating Private Jones. The offense b i n g one over which the district and circuit court have &current jurisdiction, the trial could be had in either one, but would in all probability actually be heard by the district court. The prosecution would be in the name of the United States, and would be conducted by the United States bistrict Attorney. and in the district within which the offdnse was committed. Thd statement of the case sets forth that the cattle were grazing at large contrav to law. If, at the time that the State id question ceded to the United States the exclusive jurisdiction over the reservation, there was in force in that State a law making it a criminal offense to permit cattle to run at large,.the provisions of Sec. 2, Chap. 576, Act of Congress, dpproved July 7, IS*, would apply, provided the statute) of the United States did not provide a penalty for the offhse. If the conditions are such as to make the pro-visionslof the act referred to applicable, then Boyle can be p d t e d in the Federal Courts, in the name of the United States,iand by the United States District Attorney for this offend as well. The machinery of the law would be set in motid in the same way, that is by information filed before a c o m m ~ o n e r or other proper official, by one who was per-sonall$ cognizant of the commission of the offense. 325 ( c ) . Boyle has by his action subjected himself to being prosecuted civilly in the following manner: ( I ) Jones vs. Boyle, an action in tort, for personal injuries: If Jones and Boyle are both citizens of the same State this action will have to be brought in the State courts. If Jones and Boyle are citizens of different States, and the matter in dispute, that is the amount of damages asked, is less than two thousand dollars, exclusive of interest and costs, the action would also have to be brought in the State courts, the case being legally cognizable in the courts of that State in which legal service of notice can be had. If Jones and Boyle are citizens of different States, and the amount of damages asked, exclusive of interest and costs, exceeds two thousand dollars, the action may be brought in the Circuit Court of the United States, in the district of the residence of either the plaintiff or the defendant. In the latter case the action could also be brought in the courts of the State in which legal service of notice can be secured, but it would then be subject to removal to the Federal Circuit Court. though legally triable by the State Court if the right to removal is not insisted upon. (Hughes' Federal Procedure, paragraphs 92 and I 13). The United States vs. Boyle. an action for damages growing out of the destruction of the reservation fence, and for any damages to the realty, both being the property of the United States. In this case, the United States being the plaintiff, the Federal Circuit Court is the proper tribunal, and the district attorney would appear for the government. ( Hughes' Federal Procedure, paragraph 92). There still remains the cause of action growing out of the damages done by the cattle to the post garden. This phase of the question presents some difficulties. In discussing this point with an attorney in the City of Leavenworth recently, I was advised that the firm of which he is a member had at one time been concerned in an action brought in the interest of the post exchange. The attorney was unable to find his brief in the case at the time, but stated that he was of the opinion that they had brought the action in the name of the United States. If the action could be brought

MOOT COURTS.

(2) ( 3 )

MOO T CO UR TS.

in the name of the United States for the benefit of the post exchange, p can see no reason against bringing the action against *le in this case in the name of the United States ; as a recovery hem woum accrue to the benefit of the enlisted men in ther army in the same way that a recovery ia the case mentioned must have accrued. If this theory is correct the Federal Circuit Court would be the proper tribunal, but I think that1 the district attorney would not necessarily appear for the plaintiff, though he might properly do so. I have been unable to find any direct statutory provision on the subject, nor have I been able to find any parallel case of record, bqt in view of the fact that the United States furnishes the ground, that the post garden is an institution provided for by regulation for the benefit of men in the United States s e ~ c e . and that the regulations provide for the application of the proceeds and products derived therefrom, I can see no good reason why the action should not be brought in the name of the United States. If the action cannot be brought in the name of the United States, who can be made the plaintiff of record? There is no one person who is the red party in interest, nor is the body of enlisted men who profit by the post garden a corporation or a partnership. Pomeroy in his Remedies and Remedial Rights lays down the doctrine that where the issue is one of common or general interest to many persons, or when the parties are very numerous ana it may be impracticable to bring them all before the court as parties plaintiff or defendant, one or more may sue or defend for the whoile number who are thus interested. The enlisted men of the post are the real parties in interest here, and their number would seem to make the doctrine applicable. Under this view the action might be brought in the name of one or more of the men for the benefit of all, or possibly by the ofbcer in charge of the post garden for the benefit of the interested enlisted men. But the statutory provisions relating ito the subject are the main if not the sole basis of this kind of jurisdiction, and the question would therefore, be dependent upon the statutory provisions in force in the State in which the reservation was located, for unless the = .woo T co UR TS. 327 amount of the damages reached the sum of $2.000.00, exclusive of interest and costs, the case, if brought in this manner, wouId have to go before a State court and thus be subject to the State statutes. Boyle may bring an action if he sees fit to do so, with very littleground of hope for a recovery, as follows: Boyle vs. Jones, an action for damages growing out of the death of a cow. As the cow could hardly be worth $2,000.00. the case would have to be brought in the State courts in the jurisdiction where he could secure legal service of notice upon Jones. The question of recovery would be one for the jury. If they could be convinced that Jones used more force than was necessary or than would have been used by a man of ordinary prudence and forethought under the circumstances, a recovery might be had, otherwise not. Boyle vs. the Post Commander, as a private individual, for damages for false imprisonment, if he is of the opinion that the post commander acted without warrant of law in causing the arrest or detention. The same action would lie against any other person concerned in the arrest and detention. The court in which the action would have to be commenced would be determined according to the principles discussed in c ( I ) of this paper. If the reservation is located in one of those States whose statutes provide for criminal prosecution for what is commonly known as cruelty to animals, or criminal prosecution for offenses cognate to the common law crime of malicious mischief, and such law was in force at the time of the cession of exclusive jurisdiction to the Federal Government, and the circumstances connected with the act were such as to bring it within the definition of these offenses, then it would seem that Boyle might by filing the proper information secure the criminal prosecution of Jones in the federal courts, under the blanket provisions of Sec. 2, chap. 576, Act of Congress approved July 7, 1898, provided, of course. there were no federal statute covering the case. ( d ) ( I ) (2) (3)

!i I / / ii

INFANTRY AND CAVALRY SCHOOL PROBLEM.*

DEPARTMENT

OF MILITARY ART, INFANTRY

AND CAVALRY SCHOOL.

Canrse in Organkarion, 1906-7. !

PROBLEM 2.

Value of subject, four; that of each answer is shown by Time, four hours. Give paper same heading as problem. Write answers to requirements only, each opposite to its serial nauiber placed at the left of the marginal line, leaving an interv.1 of not less than one line between consecutive dswers. Pla& your number in the upper right hand corner of each separate sheet. Accutacp, neatness, and compliance with the above instructions will be given a value not to exceed three per cent. in marking the paper. Suppose Congress decides to maintain a force of regular army res$rve~ sufficient to fill up the present cavalry organizations td war strength and to make the number of enlisted men in tHe infantry six times as strong as the cavalry; field artillery dnd special troops to be provided for in the proportion giva in F. S. R. for the organization of a division. the number on the left of the page. &pmi:, M@ke a table showing how the mobile forces of the United -tea would be organized in case the regular army I.

INF. AND CAV. SCHOOL PROBLEM.

329 with all these reserves should be called out to serve in one body. Table to show distribution of regiments in brigades, brigades in divisions, and divisions in corps; also distribution of the various units of the special troops.

2. Give number of enlisted men of each arm and of each class of special troops, omitting the troops of the medical service. 4

APPROVED SOLUTION TO PROBLEM IN APRIL

( I @ )

JOURNAL.

(SEE MAP. PAGE

334.) DEPARTMENT OF &lIILITARY ART, INFANTRY AND CAVALRY

SCHOOL.

Course in Security and In formation, 1905-'06.

MAP PROBLEM NUMBER

2 . OUTPOSTS.

First Requirement. From the top of Bellevue Hill Lieutenant Colonel A can see the following important military features : The country to the front is open, no timber except the Beekman and Hinesburg woods about a mile to the south. The point of view is on a ridge extending to the southwest, the ground sloping some five or six degrees immediately in front, and then more gently to the Onion River, which is about six hundred yards to the southand flows in a northeasterly direction, This stream is apparently everywhere passable, but a considerable obstacle to all arms of the service. The only bridges in sight are Fay's, about five hundred yards to t4e south, and that of the railroad, eleven hundred yards to the southwest. To the south of the river the ground rises for about half a mile to a ridge running northeast and southwest, and con-

880 fNF. AND CAV. SCHOOL PROBLEM. tsining Rospect and Birch hills. Beyond this ridge there appears to1 be a valley, and beyond this, at a distance of abont two miles, the ground again rises into view, being open and hilly. The towns in sight are Addison, about one half mile to the southeist, Hinesburg, about one mile south, Youngtown, a little less than a mile and a quarter south, Charlotte, about a mile and a half to the southeast, and Vinton, about two and a half miles to the southeast. All are small towns and ef little military importance. A good road extends to the south through Hinesburg and Vintoq, and another extends along the south side of the Onion River, while one h n s in a southeasterly direction from Addiwn. A railmag crosses the Onion River from the northwest at the bridge above mentioned ana thence runs northeast, south of and parallel to the river. A branch line leaves it att Addison and runs toward the southeast. , Aside fkom the obstacle of the Onion River, the country is everywhere passable and generally favorable for the action of all arms. There is a general lack of cover, except that to be derived from the folds of the ground. There is a good field of fire to the south from Bellevue Hill, and also one north frog Prospect Hill. Second Requirement. Substance of Lieutenant Colonel A's outpost orders : The Ferny's cavalry, strength about one squadron, engaged a squadron of our cavalry twenty miles southeast of Vinton yesterday. The main Blue force is encamped at Spencer. will establish an outpost with Company A, and the First Platoon of Company B and a squad of twelve cavalrymem. The o u i p t is to be relieved tomoryow morning. The line of observation will extend from Gravel Hill to Hinesburg Woods. Patrols will be pushed to the southeast via Vintod and Charlotte. In case of attack the line of observation tRill be held. The main body of the detachment will provide for the observation of the road west of the river. Major 331 The detachment will camp in Swanton Woods, two hundred and fifty yards west of Bellevue Hill, and will be prepared to occupy a defensive position near the head of Cedar Creek.

1NF. AND CAV. SCHOOL PROBLEM.

Reports will reach me with.. the main body. Third Requirement. Having assembled the officers of the companies, Major X gives the following instructions : The enemy's cayalry, strength about one squadron, engaged a squadron'of our cavalry twenty miles southeast of Vinton yesterday. T h e main Blue force is encamped at Spencer. Our main body will encamp in Swanton Woods. The First Platoon, Company B, undcr Lieutentant B, will form the right support, which, posted at the junction of the railroad and Bolton-Addison road, will hold the right section of the line, extending from the Onion River, exclusive, to the north spur of Birch Hill inclusive. The First Platoon, Company A, under Captain C, will form the center support, which, posted at the junction of the raiIroad and the Swanton-Hinesburg road, will hold the center section of the line extending from the north spur of Birch Hill, exclusive, to the Jones' farm, inclusive. The Second Platoon, Company A, under Lieutenant D, will form the left support, which, posted at Addison, will hold the left section of the line, extending from the Jones' farm, exclusive, to Section House 1, exclusive. The twelve troopers will be under my orders, taking post with the center support. Sergeant E, with five troopers, will reconnoiter the Swanton-Vinton road three miles beyond the latter point; and Corporal F, with two troopers, will push out along the Addison-Charlotte road for a distance of about three miles beyond the latter point; both returning at dusk. In case of attack, the line Gravel Hill-Prospect Hill-Hinesburg Woods will be held. Reports will reach me with the center support.

INF. AND CA V. SCHOOL PROBLEM.

Fond Requirement. (See map.) (As th co8t of producing a map with the approved positions of try squads and pickets marked thereon in black and red, 4 too great to warrant its production at this time, the positions are described for the fourth requirement. From this discription the reader can place the troops himself.) This is made a picket at night, remaining in practically the same position. This picket ha8 two patrols. One down the road southwest to where ther road runs off the map; the other, down the southeast road to some 300 yards below Hunting Lodge. One sentry squad is at the cross trails in the Hinesburg Woods, just below the letters R G. of the word HINESBURC. At night this is made a picket, and thrown forward about I 50 yards to the next cross trails. This picket has two patrols. One west1 to meet the patrol below Hunting Lodge (mentioned abbve); the other goes to the east of picket position for some 1400 yards and then returns. making a small loop. Two sentries are thrown forward from the picket to where the trail 8trikes the Fielding-Hinesburg road. One e n t r y squad is at top of Prospect Hill. At night it is made d picket and moved to Quarry. This picket has two patrols. One south along road to below Hinesburg. connecting with:patrol from the picket next on the west; the other, east to Jones. Qne sentry squad is put in Hinesburg. One sentry squad is near south end of road cut, Addison Charlotta road, out about 2 0 0 yards northwest of Booth's Mill. At night it is made a picket and thrown forward on the road to ,pithin 100 yards of Booth's Mill. Two sentries are at Bopth's Mill. This picket has two patrols. One west to Jones; the other, north along the west bank of Sucker Branch to section House No. I. One sehtry squad is at Bolton. - Fxyth Requirrmeni.

DAY POSITIONS.

. Rzg&iS~$#~t.- First Platoon, Company B; one First Lieutenant apd sixty three men. Furnishing: Sentry squad No. x--o@e Sergeant and seven men; Sentry squad No. 2 4 n e Corporal and seven men.

INF. AND CAV. SCHOOL PROBLEM.

'333 Center Strpport: First Platoon, Company A; one Captain, one Second Lieutenant and sixty-three men; and one Cavalry squad-one Sergeant, one Corporal, and ten men-furnishing: One Sentry squad-one Sergeark and seven men. Left Support: Second Platoon. Company A; one First Lieutenant and sixty-two men. Furnishing: One Sentry squad-one Sergeant and seven men.

NIGHT POSITIONS.

Right Support: First Platoon, Company B. Furnishing: Picket No. I -one Sergeant commanding, three noncommissioned officers and twenty-four men (picket sentinel, three; patrol, nine; patrolling post, twelve.) Picket No. 2-one Sergeant commanding, three noncommissioned officers and twenty-four men (picket sentinel, three; road sentinel, three; two patrols, eighteen.) Center Support: One platoon, Company A. Furnishing: One picket -one Sergeant commanding, five noncommissioned officers and thirty-five men (picket sentinel, three; two patrols, eighteen; Sentry squad, fourteen.) Left Support: Second Platoon. Company A. Furnishing: One picket - one Sergeant, three noncommissioned officers and twenty-seven men. Sixth Requirement. The cavalry will be posted with the centgr support, under the immediate orders of the outpost Commander. A patrol of six men will reconnoiter the Swanton-Vinton road for a distance of three miles beyond the latter point, and patrol of three men will be pushed out on the Addison-Charlotte road a like distance beyond Charlotte. Three troopers will re. main at the center support. Both patrols will return at dusk. The cavalry will be permitted to rest during the night, and be sent out at daylight again in the same manner as before. The duties of these patrols while out will be to watch for and report indications of the enemy, and to obtain any information that they can as to the movements of our advanced cavalry.

O n 0 advance ( Blue ), , check of ingon P expected the leadi mander %astern i is at thal R&pkd.

I. T 2. A

WF. AND CA V. SCHOOL PROBLEM.

PRIZE PROBLEM NO. 3.

(SBB YAP' O P P O S I ~ )

ober I, I#, a troop of cavalry, constituting the ivalry of an important convoy of a western force ordered to reconnoiter through Charlotte and lelay any eastern force (Red) that may be march- 7's Bridge. The advance guard of the escort is D reach the bridge at 1:30 P. M. At noon when element of his troop reaches Swanton, the com-the western troop learns that a battalion of kntry is approaching Charlotte from the east and ime one-half mile from the town. 2 troop commander's estimate of the situation. tatement of the dispositions he makes. 4

PISTOL VERSYS SA%BER.

RON niy experience as a troop commander, I am con- F vinced that, in order to attain that proficiency in time of war to which we are striving to bring the cavalryman. there is a handicap of too many arms. This is especially true in the time allotted in the enlistment. T h e question naturally arises. which of these three arms can we best dispense with in time of war. It seems to me that the uses of the saber should be confined to garrison duty (parades, etc , I . and riot duty. It is very doubtful to my mind whether the benefit we derive from the saber in battle repays us for the trouble in taking care of it. Of course nothing but the test of w;ir will decide the question of the pistol versus t h e saber; and I can only give my ideas formed from my esperience in instructing men in the use of both arms. I realize the good use that a proper saber may be put to as a reserve power. but I confess that I can never become reconciled to the present saber under any circumstances. Let any officer attempt to instruct his men in the fencing esercises, mounted and ciismounted, with the present saber and he will be convinced of the tremendous waste of time that could be profitably employed otherwise. I have heard it said that w e will get another saber and scabbard. I have have also heard it said that the judgment day is coming. In advocating the advisability of leaving the saber behind in time of war I assume that the cavalry soldier is properly instructed in the use of the pistol mounted, which is certainly not the case now. How could he be with a limited amount of instruction once a year? Xnd yet we have had cases in our Cil-il IVar where men, and great numbers of them, have entered the Confederate service without any

336 PISTOL 5's. SABER. preliminary instruction whatsoever in the use of fire arms from horseback; these men were put into service almost immediately and were soon taught the importance of a judicious expenditure of ammunition and effective use of the pistol in their charges, etc. Stern necessity is a tremendous impetus for a man to at Ieast attempt to do the right thing at the right time. Constant practice under such circumstances will make a man an expert. Such were Forrest's men, very few of whom, if any, had sabers, and these men learned from constant practice to render a good account of the pistol mounted. T h e cavalry on both sides in Virginia made many spectacular charges with the saber, but I am not aware of any tremendous havoc having been created 011 either side by that weapon alone. T h e cavalrymen of Virginia were taught to rely almost entirely upon the saber in charges; they would have accomplished the same results as Forrest's men had they been forced to rely on the pistol in the charge. T h e battle of Trevilian Station, probably t h e most severe cavalry fight of the war, was fought almost entirely with fire arms, the saber cut very little figure. In the article in the July number of the JOURTAL by the cavalry board, mention is made, " The saber thus used was often not sharpened." This will be the case in an active campaign; either the troopers wil: be too worn out to keep their sabers sharpened or there wiIl be no facilities at hand for that purpose. It is a question whether the cavalryman will take the trouble to keep a keen edge on his saber. I do not think i t is impossible to make men withhold their fire until the collision. When a man once realizes that his life is seriousIy at stake, and one charge will bring him to that realization, he will surely see the great necessity of making the best use of his ammunition. A charge will usually be resorted to when there is apparently some advantage to be gained. Suppose that it is made with the saber-the result is, the enemy thrown into confusion and some damage inflicted-the feeling of self preservation in the face of danger is so strong that the party attacked at once becomes a mass of dodging energy and the man with the saber soon realizes F

PIS TOL T'S. S.1 RER.

33; that it is not such an easy matter to reach as many as he would like. small percentage, I venttlre to sal;, would be put * * hors de combat" and the remaining large percentage would be ready to fight you again another day. Suppose the same charge is made with the 45 caliber pistol, and the soldier is armed with another pistol in place of the saber as a reserve. the party attacked will esperienc:e some dificuity in dodging the bullets at close quarters, and the percentage of men and horses put .'hers de combat" will be much greater, Every hit with so lnrge a bullet will require :he serious attention of a surgeon. .is to n-hether the use of the pistol is incompatible with shock action, the test of battle alone. \vi11 prove it. Ir. the hands t ~ f experts t h e pistol. I should think. could be usctl effectively in shock action. In considering the charge in close ortier the question of proiier nianagcment of horses, a n 3 consequently. good bitting. enters. I hope we \vi11 nat hAve to wait until judgment day before the esceilent rec(-)ni-mendations of the cavalry board in this respect are adopted. The iesults obtained with the carbine mounted. rnenticbned by Lieutenant Colonel Parker," are certainly surprising xnti is an argunent i n favor of the use o f the carbine instead of the mDer as a rc'serve weapon tor the pistol. There should be more instruction in the use of thc carbine mountccl. The tal,!e in the r;:tme article showing the resuits of p;+:ol and mber is interesting. To my mind the damage inf1ic:ed b?- the pisto!, the 3s caliber, if you please. and represented by 70.5 per cent.. is greatcr than that inrlictecl by the saber 2.5 represented by 94.j per cent. IIow much greater would be the damage created b ~ * t>Le

45. cal? \Vith practice the percentages of the p:stol woulc~ be greater ;is the men became more espcrt as shots and in management of their horses. The damage to horses with the 4; ca:. Lvouid be consitlcr-able and it is doubtfui if such wo:lld be the case with the saber. The saber percentage would be lo\\-ered in actual battle from the fact that Inany of the blows would be parried or dodged. I very much doubt whether the pistol percc-nt- 4 -- !I I , i I I , i I ! I i

T.. .- . ! 338 PISTOL us. SABER. f! . I age would be lowered in near the same proportion, because the chances of dodging a bullet at such close range are remote to say the least. Once your opponent is five feet from you, you are harmless-not so with the pistol. should without hesitation say. the use of the pistol mounted. Every troop commander should be allowed to drill his troop as he sees fit every other month in the year, so as to enable him to instruct his men in what they are most deficient. Instead of this he is usually bound by orders directing that certain instructions be given. He is rarely if ever consulted as to what instruction is most needed in his troop. I am aware that a great many of our oldest cavalry officers cling to the saber as a prime factor in the charge. Doubtless some are influenced to a certain extent by sentiment-the saber has so long been a distinctive cavalry weapon that they are loath to part with it. I believe our boot to boot cavalry charges will not be of frequent occurence in the future wars -certainly not so much so as has been in the past. I do not pretend $0 deny that there is a decided element of danger to one’s own men when the pistol is used in the charge, but I believe that the training acquired by practice will overcome this to a great extent, if not entirely. The pistol will be soon emptied, but the extra pistol and the carbine will be sufficient as a reserve. I hope that in the near future the 45 cal. p k o l will be issued again. As regards the moral effect, it seems to me that the man with the pistol is favored. The mere consciousness that at a certain stage you are at the terrible disadvantage of not being able to strike back, to say nothing of a possible wound from a 45 cal. pistol, is enough to take the heart out of a man. In a mZl6e it certainly is a question of your life or the other man’s, and under the circumstances I should prefer to face the saber rather than the business end of the pistol. In the absence even of an experience on the battlefield will be effective in the hand of a novice. I think everyone will agree that shooting is by far the most important part of c- b it I If I were asked in what my troop is most deficient, I 1t with either the pistol or saber, I am convinced that neither 3 1 PISTOL us. SABER. 339 a soldier’s education. If more target practice is allowed with rifle and pistol the results obtained will be most gratifying to all concerned. If we are to retain the saber for war let us have a lighter blade and a leather scabbard. But two arms are sufficient for any soldier to handle effectively in battle.