INTERVIEW

Notes

1. The quali6ataps for wm-benhip are as f o b : a. .+ctive members: All p- era1 &ers of the Regulv Army or . b y of the United States; and all &en and warrant officers assigned to, detailed in. or w i n g with Armor shall be eligible. Excepting general any change in 086da status from any one of the above describd conditions will serve to terminate .*rive membership on the last day of the calendar month within which the change has OCcurred, and the individual concerned shall assume the status of .kociate member. b. .-ate I J H U ~ ~ K : Those transferred from M v c membership and all otha v t and former commissioned officers, / warrant &en and noncommissioned otticrn of honorable record in the military. naval or air service. shall be eligible. to:
2. The qualifrcrions for membership are as fdbws: d. Active Members: AU . . F- ent and former camnusgoned and warrant &CUS of hononbk &ord in the Army, Navy. hla-rine Corps and Air Force of the United State dull be eligibk. This incIudcJ Oecm d either regular or civilian a~pamnts. b. Associate Members: All present and f- enlisted p- srmnel of honorable record in the Ann!. Saw. hlline cotps and Air Force d the Unitd stat-shall be eligible. This includes members of eitha regular or civilian components. It should be nooed that this does not alter the othr two dvsificatiom of members which are: Honorary and Junior members. The second amendment to the constitution increases the number of elected members of the Executive Council from twelve (12) to aghteen (18) pm0"s. To accomplish this, the following amendments must be made to the constitution: Change paragraphs 1.2 and 3 of A R M O R - N O V O ~ W - ~ ~ , 1953 ;Ltide v from twelve :12: elcaed sary members chvlga to eighteen arc iolicired: (182. The ne~es- l . T b e ~ o f C t K A m c i , * &dl as fdkrvs: President, First, sscond and Third Vice-Prrsidart, SeCrrrarg-Trr~s- urer, Editor and d g h w (18) elected members of the Loccu-tive council. 1 The President. the three Vice-Pmidrnt~, ad the dght-een I 18) ekacd members of the Executive . Council shall be elected by secret wTinen ballot at the annual meeting of the ASsociation. A pluralin of the votes cast shall be requisite for eke tion.
3. The Executive Council which initiallv shall caosist of Presidents and eighteen ' 18 I tbe P&t rbc three vicc-elected membcrs rhll e t Editor before th C k s c d the ~thinwhichtheanndmcct-the Editor -q-T- &dl k u n c members ud the d the sccrClu).-Trra~rrr rod the ing is held Upar appoinancnt. the Executi\r CaUKil. Both of these prOPOYd cllanga will be acted u p at the annual meeting in January. MmmmsmPDBNE As we approach the end of the year and the annual meeting, we he-lieve that it is time to institute a sustained membership drive- Letters have already been drspatcbed to the chairmm of the oversas a d v i e boards. One Armored Unit. a Sational Guard agmiutioo, has initiated an intensive &jve toappise 111 -of tbe + bcacSt gone to most stateside . h r r0mmUrdCrS asking heir support in this efFon. We believe that commeacmg with this issue all ;Lma &ums will not want to miss any of the articles Brigdicr (;rncnl Hamilton H. Howre on the training of an Annaed Division. This writs at artick as a supplement to o&bl pukrioar h l d prove amst helpful to any comma&r more +lty armcued unit d. to be derived from their membership m this .- . Letters have It is also suggested that you check the status of your oum membership in order that - might be .eligible to attend the annual meeting. .\lembershipr have shown a @ incmasc all year but the gap ti tween the number of Annorrd c i t l k s on acdve dun. and the numbcr Thisdoes not& intorcount theSationalGuudsar?n a ksm-ist. but we fed that their interest in the art of mobile w& can be increased t h g h membership. As Qatcd maup times bfore. all pro60 are rrnrrned to tbe rmgyine: hence the larger the membership the better the end p d m - a larger and better maguine. During the past year we a c k d a pal of a minimum of6.)pagesperiwre. andm oneaxasion p~blishaI80pages. We would like to move up to a minimum of 80 pages but this w w k l require a largc~ circulation than we hare at present. w h o are members of the Asooclation is d l too krgc. 41 ROTATION of ASSIGNMENTS reason, branch material assi Cvea hkna t cdntrok the should continue until an OfEZz asipmentof G p n thir grad-completed the branch advanced uatnm from the branch advanced course and is fully branch qua&&- course. Consistent with militarv However, in certain individual cases upon completion of three years SCIII-ice, o&m may enter certain special-itation pmgrams. After an o l k a indicates a desire to speciaize, he mav expect at lean one-full tour in tb; selected field in order that the . b y may extract full value ~IUXI its investment. .Mtional tours may be &- tated by requirements. where pes-sible. assignments to speciaued duties ace interspaced with branch assignments so that the o6i-r will remain fully branch qualified. The molding of the futurr bigh level commander and M &ccr be gins the day an oE6cer is commis-the appropriate branch'rbool for graduation. he is a s q d to troop duty for the 6rst few yeas of his ~ervice. it is during this period that the 'commander has great respansibility for indoctrination in the duties attendant to rroops, command, supplv, vehicular maintename, teaching and the man? other additional duties that jp with nodp assignmrnts. 'shed. career hlanagement assigns the newly commisbned lieutenant to basicpaininginhisbranch. upon needs, an a&er upon graduation &J expsct to be ani to one of four staff, CiViliaD COmpoIKIlft or Speciali-tation. Th Direned and Recommended MOS, one of the masf &ective tools of career Management, was su4- pended sborcly after the outbreak of the Korean con8ia. If either or both are reinstated the net result \vi11 be more c&ers qualified to seme in more fields. Career Management, following closely the d i c e i s development, de-and will be most beneficial to the &- & Oeim who has not attained full bcne6t from his previous troop duty, either due to poor local assignments OT assigned for additional troop duty in fied. Then again there may be an urgent requirement for experienced troop of6cm in some particular unit. Garaany, an a&er upon completion of the branch advanced course broad 6elds. ad? %mal troop duty, termines the type of assignment that will meet Fequirrments of the Armp cer. unfortunate circumnances may be re-ordet to become fully b m h qua- , "The rotation of o&m for tbrir irrdit+dd deadopment is possibk I#- der almost aU c o d t i o m . In gcrrcta3, tbe rotation impover tbe mg&- tion to wbicb ofiers are assigned, for tbe work perfonred is by 1 ~ f i uitb greater perspective. * * * Career Management uitb cooperation of tbe c o m d s can prepare an o@er in peacetime for bis u*artimc mission." . -MAJ. GEN. J. C FRY, chid, CMD. allieddutiasuchd l&gthed%- m with a supply &ground in G3 the duty of all of us who am responsible for assignments to avoid too fre quent repetition of a type of sgfl dthepMnnclrmoinG4. Itb cer may have to wait several yeas for FOR ing an o k a th type duty necesaqr inhi;carea. The imporrance of rocative assignments 1essmsconsideraMp for an & cb who has atnined the gradeof cob nel, provided his earlkr years have been monitored pmperly. At this stage of his career, tbe abk o&er will be qualified to perform well in man)- 43 PARTTWO The Revolution: American Military Policy Emerges from the Crucible of War* c. 1. BERM-, M.D. ~ n d EUGENE n. ~ACON, %.D. throughout the course of the War. In tbese circumst;mces, British admirals moved o+ with the greatest of caution, aknvmg the herjcam plentiful oppormnities to exploit their enemy. and unfettered by 086Cial cor-mption, the .tnerican Savy depicted a tivid connast by tbe vigor of its leaders and by June, 1775, could baast of asuperiority on Lake Cham-By the suuuner of 1775. every State had l e g a l d its owll I E I W . ~ ~ ing on his own initiative, czeated tbe . h e r i c a n N a ~ ~ b y p l a c i n asection ~f the . h y * o n ship& with the commission to cruise and seize ships of the SIinisterial Naw, to or from Boaon,laden withddiers,arms, ammunition, or provisions.m The NC cess which attended this expehent pointed the way for additional cam-missions from Congress to private in- &duals as well as State authorities tbaeb placing upon the sea lanes a formidable Beet o€ privateas* But the dilsculties which bext tbc advantages. unhindeffd b p h phill.~~ on September 2 Washgtm, act- . h y also posed great probkms for the Na\y. Each State entered into a spirited competition to fit out ships of every description from quam rigged brigantines to topsail rhoon-ers and small boats carq-ing mna-ment as varied as the number of men who manned them. Priwteering, like d c e in the militia. had a great appeal because of the allurements of increased pay and prires: but unlike the militia, tenn of service was not limited to short periods. But while men were plentiful for tliis senice. the Naw went begging for recruits to fill the ships' complements.61 The stimulus for a stronger Sap-, like that for a strong A m y in 1775, tame from New England. -After several petitions from that section, Congress 011 November 2, 1775 Resolved to build, at Continental ezrpense, a Beet of four armed vessels "for the protection of these colonies. . . .-'2 Tbk was followed on November 25 by the publication of a set of regulation~~~ to govern tbe new Sat? in the same manner as the Articles of War, laid down by Congress in June, If the patriots could not build a govemal the Army.- z: zs c l f t h i s ~ h a d ~ BcctItroDgcnaugbroQsttbe Naw, tbeg CaJd briug to ky littie' fa^ hd rvith tdlipg e6Sb; llIaadhismin;.rm v e r y k n g t o w a i t TLcv?kKofthe d l but && &mican Nrw and its contdn~tioa 10 thc 6nal out-comedtiedi0kdttodaamiw. But certain it is chat ritbact its SCXV-ices vital supplies 4 not have been okaind; and, the Britbb ia-ability or inapocity to with t k wasps and bolnets d the sa. paved the way far tbe k h and Spanish inta~mtion. F m tk former. America d d direct and tangibk aid in men, anus, and ships from the latter. the utility of dispas-ing British ~ e ? power from tk M& terranean to the Caribbean." F m 1780 on, the pressing need for a strong M V ~ ceased to be a ma+ problem for the Congress. The cam-tezpoise to British &time supremacy had been established with the F r a n c e m a n rUIiax~e.~" Unfor-tupately the same happy c' Ircum-stance did not visit the h y and Washington's dikkulties multiplied as time wore on. h l f d i W - i T m t b 6 k The story of remodeling and reenlisting the Army is a drama & picdng the almost superhuman &om of Washington to cope with the multitude of difkulties which beset him from every uarter in and out of In a letter to the President of Congress on NoPember 11, 1775, while complaining d the sekh motive exhibited by some of his o&- cea, he described the situation. The prs~nal motive, he was sure, added '0 hp" blem of 6xing tk orgarha-tion regiments, especially when would not "enlist until they know their colonel, lieutenant~lonel, hfa-jor. and Captain, so that it was nec-Ei t days later it 3Gm48&J clear that the men as well as the 086Cm would not teenlist for patriotic reasons aIone; and, if the Amy was to be kept at some respectable ~aargth, it was nee essary to provide a stimulus "besides love of caurtry, to make men fond of the KIPiCC.n49 The!widamof t k - ' wasbome Congress a n! in and out of the manifested even by soldier5 who essary to 6% the o&exs the 6nt OUt the cetulns t h t amc in. which. 16, u u e - puted at ks tbln 4m -. 01 sane 4,000 lar Ihan WAiDgtat a t i r m t s d d k n e a k d f o r d e fmsive But adrkd i#hrcmen rrtornlist ~ \ ~ w i t h m i r p c d f c d n r g s i a sew Engkind rod in the sart&m C d o o i c r ~ W ~ O a V inclined to tbe si& of a bounty for tbe mcn as well as 08;rrrS. rhrp Merrnccs of opinion were voiced throughout the munuy. Gencnl Sathanacl G m was SUR the payment ofa bounty would rmLe it pes-sible to pick tbc bat mar, 6ll up tk m y . a d Leep 'a proper discipline . . . a d gmd order and co\.ernmcnt in the camp. . . ."" John Adams argued jw as stron ly lgaiasr the paymeat of a b u s w L h he thought would impore new hardships upon the Xew England C O ~ ~ * and Congress were in 110 mood to grant any bounty, going 40 far as to voice disapproval of tbosc already pro\.ided by Rhode Island." But this was Decemk 6,1775; the .Army had not yet disintegrated. Toward the end of that month, when the men began to quit their posy Congress veered toward the viewpoint expressed by General Greene, and by January 19, 1776, each State was advised to encourage enlistments by the grant of a bounty of s6H to any man who appeared properly clothed and armed for sem-ice: and S4 to those men enlisting without such arms and accautre-ments.s4 By tk 26th of June, Congress had resolved to der a bounty of SI0 to each UWI wb0 w d d a- list to serve for three years: and on !September 16, in reorganking the for short term enliste& To those who agreed to setye for the duration of the war (and there were few) an additional gift of 100 acm of land was &exed;ss and one month later an annual h t y of 520 was prom- &- ised to every non-cer and private enlrsbng for the duration.- Left to i d , the operation of the fect. But with each State engaging to fill tbeir qwtas by the grant d s i d r h t i u and in ~ome cases intreasirig the amount. it was diffi-Anny, the bounty was raised to s20 . . might bunt). ham SyEVm p"luced bp congress the desired abw, ef- I ? 4 troapr wbm pitoed against supah n U m b a r o f ~ ~ ~ ~ an ekquemt plea f o r a s m b g - y whichcouldberdiaaupar tbe duntiaa. TbecktknseofAmcdour libertiesat thiraiticalpmod h was sun?, "must of & be haza&d,ifnotaltklylort,' their defence is khtoany but ap6"Dawht standing ArmF.1 mQul one toexist durin the Wpr."- To acccmpplish if attempted merely by an inducmwn t of a bounty, but the rdditim of h d "might have a COIlsidQabk in&leacc on a perm?wnt establishment."" An anny such as this, compririog from S0,O to lO0,OOO men, would not only a s u e victay, but also would be ksJ expensive to maintain in tamsofbountiarod laad grants. Washington wadd sdve this problem pay to that tendued British 086Ca for the execumm - ofsimilarmponsi-gage"; Inen who "ue acNwd by enteqmixk" a d wirh mozc rrgard P this, t went on, w d d be di6icdt by Offering good a q d t bilities. This would "indurr Gentle men and M a of choaaer to QI-principles of homrr and a spirit of for the charaim of such men than-for "the Number d Mar they a Inha, we sbould in 1 liak time have an Army abk to cap'' with any that could be opposed to itu Moreaver,asizeahkstlDdingfarce would put an ad a the borrifyiog ~ d w i m e ¶ s i n g t b e d i o o b r - tion of th Army io the face d tbe enemy, and w d d aL0 settle the problem of training d by the appuuarrrx of raw remits at fsc quent intrrvab. To acquaint men with theirmilitalyduciesand to bring themtoanuIMhmdm *gofdiscc pline and subordi-was not only time coosumhg, ba a work of great di86culty. In the Amy of 1775, tbese pfobkms were CoppOuMkd by an akwa complete absence of distinction between 086an d enlisted men. T h i s c o u l d ~ b e ~ 'for th fuhllc, observed w;lshington. by engaging men for the duratiosl sonable assufa~~ of securing the senices of the me!n.needed, but Jamahinghadtobedone&- ately, fot "it will PML do to let tbe matter h e as it was last year, tin the rime of ZeTviCc was near expiring."* even $ 3 O o r o r . at the Y o f + - t y o f I otthatthuwasana- A- co andooldiec wbo w0uldenlkt.m forthewar,butfbrthrrey- TWO weeks earlier, a Board of War and merit;" a nemsary reform but of small relief to Washington wbo re quired more men. The queQi00 was not what shall Gngrro do, but -what can coagas do7 arribedtotbem,theGmpaied desperately to bllow WasIIingds rrcommendations fix an adequate force Afterrmnywe&ofstu+ to face tiK d t y of tbe siruatioo rated among the states- Tbe term .of smiccwaslefttotbedisaceionof tbe statabut was-at t h e yeas or the duration of tbe war. Those who chose the former received a bounty of sa and far the latter an additid 100 acres of land." With- m three d wa5hinp * warned congrrpt that tbe Army was -on the errt d its pditicll diadu- &" d*g &j$ kgkb-tion. funbrnwrr,th?icap~avast and raising mm, di&rena between o f c d 6 c c X % ~ t h e W ~ a r p s ~ ~ t b o s n o r t h r e tainmg "will leave tbe %mice at thc e irationofthepmse~tterm...."'~ the 88 baaaliam by autbaizing the states DO & far thrre p M while softly hinting that enliameno for the dmtioa would be preferable. But thc seasal was *g late. and it was apparent that tbe full quota of men fort& newestlMhhmcnt would not be reached by the ead of the year. Fully aware of this condition, washington urged congress to in crease the number of battliions to
4. T h i s d p r o P d c a L r g e r number of otkas and dtbougb be aQliaedtbtim 'bilitydrecnlit-na f number, the 086Cm of 110 bat-taionsdRauitmarrmenthzo tbosc of tbe 88P what was important at this late date was not the size of the establishment, but rather the number of men that cuuld be brought . . SlOfbr evap a o o w - OrdnaDCc tbe rrsponribiliciesof was created a War to carry Dcpaxt-OUt Actingwithin tbe limited authority and debate, they brought thennelvcs ba 16, p"ided for anarmy and On 2- 88banaliarstobepro-TIeanwhik congrrp swugllt to fin in afdlcump ~ f o r r b e a i g i a viigomus&ort to increase the sire ot the b y . but aL0 vested washing ton wilh exaordiaa ry paw-to bring chis about. Canpucd by that stem and mributive Gewnl N- siw, they had bear forced m a p e tdtwhichinangorhr ' tbev would have s h d as the p&& Placing dance up00 the Widom a d chvrtcr of th cam-mading Gemral, thy Resolved to p t him full and compk power m raise and collect togaher, in the marrspesdyand&dmanner, fIom any or d of tbesc United states,sixtecnbtraliarsdinfan-np,inadditiontotbosc?Ifcody voted by Gngms.. . to applp to any of the srate5 for arh aid of t8e militi? as be shall judge ne.cessary . . . to d q k e and appoint all 086Cm under the rank of briga-dngwrol, and to 6U up the va- c o D e i a i n m r y a h e r ~ t m tk AmeXhl IlllljeJ; to &. whrrva he may be, whatever be moy want forthe we of thc army; and if the inhobitana will not sell it, ?Ihwing reasomibk price for the aw; to u ~ a and conhe per-SODS wbo refuse to take the continental txlmncy. . . .'. F d that such a sweeping grant . of authority might be misinterprcred on the same day named a committee to pepvc a paper explaining 'he reasons which iuduced Congress to the Powers* of the C0m- Wyhingunr was not almgether unpparai for thb urtcadon of power, Cor on December 20th he argued that a cammadr situated at such a great distance from the scat of governmentra must have some also be was somewhat aware of General Grads letter of the 21s to G m p l b n g t h e li-79 However grateful be might have been at this sudden windfall, Washin* lvver kt himself forger that he was the servant of a civil authority and the army under him an in-strumCht for safeguarding civil lib ertia. Instead d thinking himself freed han all civil obli nons by this mart of confidence, assured his friads: "I shall constantly bear in mind, that as the Sword was the last Raort for the preenation of our Libertier, SO it ought to be the 6nt rhing laid aside when those Lib enies are firmly establisbed."~ by tbe iadividd states caagrrrs mcawc of dimcion; and perhaps it isn't too eurly to be &inking of a Christmas Gift Subscription to or a selection of gift books availuble TYIOU6U T i € M O K BEFARTIEN1 M ARMoI-N~~~-o.olmb.r, 1953 t